joop schreef op woensdag 21 november 2012, 14:51:
> e m kraak schreef op woensdag 21 november 2012, 13:36:
>> Het meeste werk is het eventueel verbeteren. Zomaar je eigen mening
>> substitueren verbetert de wiki niet, zelfs al is die mening juister dan
>> voorgaand. Het vraagt om uitgebreide onderbouwing en literatuuropgave.
>
> eigenlijk wel, maar nu net even geen tijd voor. Misschien als het ooit nog
> echt winter wordt.
Nou kijk ik vandaag toevallig op
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse en vind het stukje onder de kop 'Intelligence and learning' binnen een stramien van uiterste beknoptheid helemaal niet slecht:
"In the past, horses were considered unintelligent, with no abstract thinking ability, unable to generalize, and driven primarily by a herd mentality. However, modern studies show that they perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and social system identification. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities.[84] Studies have assessed equine intelligence in the realms of problem solving, learning speed, and knowledge retention. Results show that horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to solve advanced cognitive challenges that involve categorization and concept learning. They learn from habituation,
desensitization, Pavlovian conditioning, and operant conditioning. They respond to and learn from both positive and negative reinforcement.[84] Recent studies even suggest horses are able to count if the quantity involved is less than four.[85]
Domesticated horses tend to face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that stifle instinctive behavior while learning tasks that are not natural.[84] Horses are creatures of habit that respond and adapt well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. Some trainers believe that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that fits best with an individual animal's natural inclinations. Others who handle horses regularly note that personality also may play a role separate from intelligence in determining how a given animal responds to various experiences.[86]"
Ondertussen, via link 85
http://www.thehorse.com/articles/24628/horses-demonstrate-ability-to-count-in-new-study , ook al gevonden dat á la sesamstraat getest is in hoeverre daarin ongetrainde paarden een besef van hoeveelheid hebben en kunnen tellen door 1,2,3,4,... appels in emmers te laten vallen om vervolgens vast te stellen in hoeverre ze de emmer met de meeste appels kiezen.
Maar terug op het wiki-bouwen onderwerp, had het dus veel beter geweest direct te verwijzen naar Uller C, and Lewis J (2009) Horses (Equus caballus) select the greater of two quantities in small numerical contrasts. Animal Cognition 12: 733–738.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=19387706